| Cover; The lithosphere; Title; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1 What is the lithosphere?; 1.1 Historical note; 1.2 Lithosphere definitions; 1.2.1 Defining the lithospheric base; 1.2.2 Elastic lithosphere; 1.2.3 Thermal lithosphere; 1.2.4 Seismic lithosphere; 1.2.5 Electrical lithosphere; 1.2.6 Petrologic lithosphere; 1.3 Concepts related to the lithosphere; 1.3.1 Boundary layers; 1.3.2 Perisphere and tectosphere; 1.4 An unnecessarily confusing concept?; 2 Age of the lithosphere; 2.1 Introduction to isotope geochronology |
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| 2.1.1 Geochemical classification of elementsLithophile, siderophile, and chalcophile elements; Melting, partitioning, and depletion; Chondrites, Bulk Earth, and Bulk Silicate Earth; 2.1.2 Radioactive decay and the isochron equation; 2.1.3 K/Ar; 2.1.4 Rb/Sr; 2.1.5 U/Pb; 2.1.6 Sm/Nd; 2.1.7 Re/Os; 2.1.8 Lu/Hf; 2.1.9 Mantle evolution from Hf and Nd isotopes; 2.1.10 Model ages; 2.2 Age of the crust and the lithospheric mantle; 2.2.1 Continental crust; Tectono-thermal and geological ages; Old lithosphere in tectonically young regions; Old crust-young lithospheric mantle in continental settings |
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| 2.2.2 Oceanic crustContinental crust trapped in mid-ocean ridge; Recycled Precambrian lithosphere in mantle plumes; 3 Seismic structure of the lithosphere; 3.1 Laboratory studies of seismic properties of rocks; 3.1.1 Introduction: Major elastic and anelastic parameters; 3.1.2 Effects of pressure and temperature; Seismic velocities; Seismic attenuation, anelasticity, and effect of frequency; 3.1.3 Effect of grain size variations; 3.1.4 Effect of mineralogy; 3.1.5 Anisotropy; Pores and microcracks; LPO anisotropy; 3.1.6 Melt and fluid inclusions; 3.1.7 Melt-depletion and mantle composition |
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| Oceanic melting trendContinental melting trend; 3.1.8 Density-velocity relationship; 3.2 Summary of seismic methods; 3.2.1 Types of seismic waves; 3.2.2 Theoretical limits on seismic wave resolution; 3.2.3 Methods of seismic data interpretation; One-dimensional techniques; Ray theory; The Herglotz-Wiechert-Bateman inversion; Non-uniqueness of 1D velocity inversions; 1D reference models of the Earth; Two-dimensional techniques; Three-dimensional techniques; Preamble; Regularization methods and damping; Resolution tests and sensitivity analysis; Earthquake location problem |
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| 3.3 Major seismic discontinuities in the lithosphere3.3.1 The crust; Continental crust; Crustal layers; The Moho and crustal thickness; Principal types of the continental crust; Stable parts of the continents; Active parts of the continents; Oceanic crust; General patterns; Anomalous oceanic crust; 3.3.2 Seismic discontinuities in the upper mantle; LVZ, G-discontinuity and the base of seismic lithosphere; Lehmann (L- ) discontinuity; 3.4 Receiver function (converted waves) studies; 3.4.1 The method; P- and S-converted waves; "Receiver functions"; Limitations of the RF method |
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